Friday, November 30, 2012

[Format] Time

시간 / Shi.kan / Time

Commonly used question when asking for time :
 
    What time is it now?
    지금 몇시 입니까?
    Ji.geum Myeot.shi Im.ni.kka?

To tell time in Korean use :

  • Pure-Korean numbers for hour 
  • Sino-Korean numbers for minute
  • The 오전(AM)/오후(PM) indicator always appear before the hour and minute part. 
Examples : 
  1.  4:35 PM   →    4시 35분 → 오후 삼십오
  2. 11:15 AM →   11시 15분 → 오전 열한십오
  3.  3:30 PM   →    3시 30분 → 오후 삼십분 / 시반 

Thursday, November 29, 2012

[Numbers] Korean Counting Numbers

Korean has two number systems.

Sino-Korean

  • this number system was influenced by the Chinese.
  • commonly used in : dates, phone number, currency, age
Word Pronunciation Meaning
Ilone
Itwo
Samthree
Safour
Ofive
Yuksix
Chilseven
Paleight
Gunine
Shipten

Word Pronunciation Meaning
십일 Shi.bileleven
삼십 Sam.shipthirty
Baekone hundred
이백I.baektwo hundred
Cheonone thousand
Manten thousand
십만 Ship.manone hundred thousand
백만 Baek.manone million


Native Korean
  • pure Korean number system
  • commonly used in : age and time
Word Pronunciation Meaning
하나 / 한 Ha.na / Hanone
둘 / 두 Dul / Dutwo
셋 / 세 Set / Sethree
넷/네Net / Nefour
다섯 Da.seotfive
여섯 Yeo.seotsix
일곱 Il.gopseven
여덟 Yeo.deoleight
아홉 A.hopnine
Yeolten

Counting by 10's in Pure-Korean Number
Word Pronunciation Meaning
열하나 Yeolten
스물 / 스무 Seu.mul / Seu.mutwenty
서른 Seo.reunthirty
마흔Ma.heunforty
Shinfifty
예순 Ye.sunsixty
일흔 I.rheunseventy
여든 Ye.deuneighty
아흔 A.heunninety
Baekone hundred

Notes : Native Korean is not used when counting numbers above 100.

[Vocabulary] Months of the Year

  / Wol / month

Word Pronunciation Meaning
일월 I.rwol January
이월 I.wol February
삼월Sa.mwolMarch
사월 Sa.wol April
오월 O.wol May
유월 Yu.wol* June
칠월 Chi.rwol July
발월 Pal.wol August
구월 Ku.wol September
시월 Si.wol* October
십일월 Si.bil.wol November
십이월 Si.bi.wol December

Note : Words with '*' means it does not literally follow the template : Sino-Korean Number + '월' when pronounced. 

[Vocabulary] Days of the Week

 요일 / Yo.il / Days of the Week

Word Pronunciation Meaning
월요일 Wo.ryo.il Monday
화요일 Hwa.yo.ilTuesday
수요일 Su.yo.il Wednesday
목요일Mo.gyo.ilThursday
금요일 Keu.myo.il Friday
토요일 To.yo.il Saturday
일요일 I.ryo.il Sunday

Common expression when asking for the day of the week :

   What day is your Korean class?
   무슨요일에한극어수업있어요?
   Mo.seun.Yo.il.e.Han.gu.geo.Sueop.isseo.yo?

Mo.seun = which
Yo.il = day of the week
Hangu.geo = Korean
Sueop = class


Tuesday, November 27, 2012

[Vocabulary] Time Expressions

Word Pronunciation Meaning
오전 O.jeonAM
오후          O.hu / O.fuPM

주일Ju.ilweekday
주말(에)    Ju.mal(e) / Ju.ma.re      weekend

Present

WordPronunciationMeaning
지금          Ji.geumnow               

오늘O.neulthis day, today
오늘아침 O.neul.a.chim this morning
오늘오후O.neul.o.huthis afternoon
오늘밤(에)O.neul.bam(e)tonight

이번주      I.beon.ju         this week       
이번달 I.beon.dal this month
올해Ol.haethis year

Past

WordPronunciationMeaning
얼마전에   Eol.ma.jeon.e     a while ago            

어재 Eo.jae yesterday
어재아침   Eo.jae.a.chimyesterday morning
어재오후Eo.jae.o.huyesterday afternoon
어재저녁Eo.jae.jeo.nyeokyesterday evening

어젯밤      Eo.je.bamlast night
지난주   Chi.nan.julast week
지난달Chi.nan.dallast month             
작년Chan.nyeon       last year

그저께Keu.jeo.kkethe other day
삼십분전애Sam.shi.pun.jeo.nehalf an hour ago
사흘전에Sa.heul.jeo.nethree days ago
오년전에O.nyeon.jeo.nefive years ago

Future

WordPronunciationMeaning
모레          Mo.re                the day after tomorrow

내일Nae.iltomorrow
내일아침   Nae.il.a.chimtomorrow morning
내일오후Nae.il.o.hutomorrow afternoon
내일저녁Nae.il.jeo.nyeoktomorrow evening

다음주      Ta.eum.junext week
다음달Ta.eum.dal        next month             
내년Nae.nyonnext year

오분안에O.bun.an.ein five minutes
한시간안에Han.shi.gan.a.nein an hour
엿새안에Yeo.sae.an.ein six days
한달안에Han.dal.an.ein a month


[Conjugation] Verb (Polite Declarative & Interrogative)

Type A : Stem that ends in 'ㅏ/ㅗ' (a/o)
Verb Stem (VS) Present
( VS + 아요 )
Past
 ( VS + 았어요 )
Future
( VS + 겠어요 or
VS +ㄹ거예요)
A. Stem ends in 'ㅏ' :
      가다 →
가 + 아요 → 가요가 + 았어요 → 갔어요
가 + 겠어요 → 가겠어요
가 + ㄹ거예요 → 갈거예요
B. Stem ends in 'ㅗ' :
      오다 →
오 + 아요 → 와요 오 + 았어요 → 왔어요
오 + 겠어요 → 오겠어요
오 + ㄹ거예요 → 오거예요

Rules for contracting vowels with 'a' and 'yeo'
Rule Example
    ㅏ+ㅏ→    가 + 아 →가  
    ㅗ+ㅏ→     오 + 아 →와  
    하+ㅕ→ 하+여 → 해


Type B : Stem that ends in '하다' (hada)
Verb Stem (VS) Present
( VS + 해요)
Past
 ( VS + 했어요 )
Future
( VS + 하겠어요 or
VS + 할거예요)
Stem ends in  '하다' :
 공부하다 → 공부
공부 + 해요
→ 공부해요    
공부 + 했어요    
→ 공부했어요
공부 + 하겠어요  
→ 공부하겠어요    
공부 + 할거예요  
→ 공부할거예요 


Type C : Stem that does not end in 'ㅏ/ㅗ' (a/o) nor '하다' (hada)
Verb Stem (VS) Present
( VS + 어요)
Past
 ( VS + 었어요)
Future
( VS + 겠어요
or
VS +ㄹ거예요
(for vowel ending stem)
or
VS +을거예요
(for consonant ending stem))

 마시다 → 마시
(vowel ending)   
마시 + 어요 → 마셔요 
마시+었어요
→ 마셨어요
마시+겠어요
마시겠어요
마시+ㄹ거예요
→ 마실거예요
먹다 →
(consonant ending)
  마 + 어요 → 먹어
먹+었어요
먹었어요
먹+겠어요
→ 먹겠어요
먹+을거예요
먹을거예요

Type D : Irregular Verbs with Special Conjugation : 
Verb Stem (VS)Present
( VS + 아요/어요)
Past
 ( VS + 었어요)
Future
( VS + 겠어요
or
VS +ㄹ거예요
(for vowel ending stem)
or
VS +을거예요
(for consonant ending stem))
 잇다 →
(VS ending in ㅅ
except 
벗다,웃다,씻다,빗다)  
잇 + 어요 → 이어요
(잇's ㅅ gets removed 
then follow conjugation
rule based on the new VS's ending)
잇+었어요
이었어요
잇+겠어요
잇겠어요
잇+을거예요
이을거예요
돕다 →
(VS ending in ㅂ
except
잡다,뽑다,씹다,입다)
돕 + 아요 → 도와요
(돕's ㅂ gets removed 
then follow conjugation 
rule based on the new VS's ending)
돕+았어요
도왔어요
돕+겠어요
돕겠어요
돕+울거예요
도울거예요
걷다 →
(VS ending in ㄷ
except
받다,닫다,얻다,믿다)
걷 + 어요 
→ 걸어었요
(걷's ㄷ becomes ㄹ
then follow conjugation 
rule based on the new VS's  ending)
걷+었어요
→ 걸었어요
걷+겠어요
걷겠어요
걷+을거예요
→ 걸을거예요
자르다 → 자르
(VS ending in 르)
       자르 + 아요 → 잘라
(자르's ㅡ becomes ㄹ
then follow Type A -아요conjugation )
자르+았어요
잘랐어요
자르+겠어요
→ 자르겠어요
자르+을거예요
→ 자를거예요


Rules for contracting vowels with 'eo'
Rule Example
    ㅓ+ㅓ→ㅓ     서 + 어 →서
    ㅜ+ㅓ→ 주 + 어 → 줘
    ㅡ+ㅓ→ 쓰 + 어 → 써
    | + ㅓ → 가지+어 → 가져 
    ㅐ+ㅓ→ 꺼내+어 → 꺼냬 
    ㅚ+ㅓ→ 되+어 → 돼

Tuesday, November 20, 2012

[Vocabulary] Verb Conjugation (Polite Declarative & Interrogative)

Type A : Stem that ends in 'ㅏ/ㅗ' (a/o)
Dictionary Meaning Present Past Future
가다
Ka.da
go 가요
Ka.yo
갔어요
Kass.eo.yo
갈거예요
Kal.keo.ye.yo
만나다
Man.na.da
meet 만나요
Man.na.yo
만났어요
Man.nass.eo.yo
만날거예요
Man.nal.keo.ye.yo
보다
Bo.da
see 봐요
Bwa.yo
봤어요
Bwass.eo.yo
볼거예요
Bol.keo.ye.yo
사다
Sa.da
buy 사요
Sa.yo
샀어요
Sass.eo.yo
살거예요
Sal.keo.ye.yo
오다
O.da
come 와요
Wa.yo
왔어요
Wass.eo.yo
올거에요
Ol.keo.ye.yo
일어나다
Ir.eo.na.da
get up일어나요
Ir.eo.na.yo
일어났어요
Ir.eo.nass.eo.yo
일어날거예요
Ir.eo.nal.keo.ye.yo
자다
Ja.da
sleep 자요
Ja.yo
잤어요
Jass.eo.yo
잘거예요
Jal.keo.ye.yo



Type B : Stem that ends in '하다' (hada)
Dictionary Meaning Present Past Future
공부하다
Gong.bu.hada
study공부해요
Gong.bu.hae.yo
공부했어요
Gong.bu.haess.eo.yo
공부할거예요
Gong.bu.hal.keo.ye.yo
노래하다
No.rae.ha.da
sing노래해요
No.rae.hae.yo
노래했어요
No.rae.haess.eo.yo
노래할거예요
No.rae.hal.keo.ye.yo
말하다
Mal.ha.da
speak말해요
Mal.hae.yo
말했어요
Mal.haess.eo.yo
말할거예요
Mal.hal.keo.ye.yo
사랑하다
Sa.rang.ha.da
love사랑해요
Sa.rang.hae.yo
사랑했어요
Sa.rang.haess.eo.yo
사랑할거예요
Sa.rang.hal.keo.ye.yo
싫어하다
Sireo.ha.da
dislike싫어해요
Sireo.hae.yo
싫어했어요
Sireo.haess.eo.yo
싫어할거예요
Sireo.hal.keo.ye.yo
요리를하다
Yo.ri.rul.ha.da
cook요리를해요
Yo.ri.rul.hae.yo
요리를했어요
Yo.ri.rul.haess.eo.yo
요리를할거예요
Yo.ri.rul.hal.keo.ye.yo
이야기하다
I.ya.gi.ha.da
talk이야기해요
I.ya.gi.hae.yo
이야기했어요
I.ya.gi.haess.eo.yo
이야기할거예요
I.ya.gi.hal.keo.ye.yo
일하다
Il.ha.da
work일해요
Il.hae.yo
일했어요
Il.haess.eo.yo
일할거예요
Il.hal.keo.ye.yo
좋아하다
Joh.a.ha.da
like좋아해요
Joh.a.hae.yo
좋아했어요
Joh.a.haess.eo.yo
좋아할거예요
Joh.a.hal.keo.ye.yo
청소하다
Cheong.so.ha.da
clean청소해요
Cheong.so.hae.yo
청소했어요
Cheong.so.haess.eo.yo
청소할거예요
Cheong.so.hal.keo.ye.yo



Type C : Stem that ends in consonants / other vowels apart from '-a/-o'
Dictionary Meaning Present Past Future
가르치다
Ka.reu.chi.da
teach가르쳐요
Ka.reu.cheo.yo
가르쳤어요
Ka.reu.cheoss.eo.yo
가르칠거예요
Ka.reu.chil.keo.ye.yo
듣다
Dut.da
listen들어요
Du.reo.yo
들었어요
Du.reoss.eo.yo
들을거예요
Du.reul.keo.ye.yo
마시다
Ma.si.da
drink마셔요
Ma.syeo.yo
마셨어요
Ma.syeoss.eo.yo
마실거예요
Ma.shil.keo.ye.yo
만들다
Man.dul.da
make만들어요
Man.dul.eo.yo
만들었어요
Man.du.reoss.eo.yo
만들거예요
Man.dul.keo.ye.yo
먹다
Meok.da
eat먹어요
Meo.geo.yo
먹었어요
Meo.geoss.eo.yo
먹을거예요
Meo.geul.keo.ye.yo
받다
Bat.da
get받아요
Bat.eo.yo
받았어요
Bat.eoss.eo.yo
받을거예요
Ba.deul.keo.ye.yo
배우다
Bae.u.da
learn배워요
Bae.we.yo
배웠어요
Bae.wess.eo.yo
베을거예요
Bae.ul.keo.ye.yo
살다
Sal.da
live살어요
Sa.reo.yo
살았어요
Sa.rass.eo.yo
살거예요
Sal.keo.ye.yo
쉬다
Swi.da
rest쉬어요
Swi.eo.yo
쉬었어요
Swi.eoss.eo.yo
쉴거예요
Swil.keo.ye.yo
쓰다
Sseu.da
write써요
Sseo.yo
썼어요
Sseoss.eo.yo
쓸거예요
Sseul.keo.ye.yo
앉다
Ant.da
sit앉아요
An.ja.yo
앉았어요
An.jass.eo.yo
앉을거예요
An.jeul.keo.ye.yo
열다
Yeol.da
open열어요
Yeo.reo.yo
열었어요
Yeo.reoss.eo.yo
열거예요
Yeol.keo.ye.yo
웃다
Ut.da
smile웃어요
U.seo.yo
웃었어요
U.seoss.eoyo
웃을거예요
U.seul.keo.ye.yo
울다
Ul.da
cry울어요
U.reo.yo
울었어요
U.reoss.eo.yo
울거예요
Ul.keo.ye.yo
읽다
Ilk.tda
read읽어요
Il.geo.yo
읽었어요
Il.geoss.eo.yo
읽을거예요
Il.geul.keo.ye.yo
입다
Ip.da
wear입어요
I.beo.yo
입었어요
I.beoss.eo.yo
입을거예요
I.beul.keo.ye.yo
춤추다
Chum.chu.da
dance춤춰요
Chum.cheo.yo
춤췄어요
Chum.cheoss.eo.yo
춤출거예요
Chum.chul.keo.ye.yo

[Vocabulary] Common Questions


Word Pronunciation Meaning

누가
누구를

Nu.ga
Nu.gu.rul
Who
a. subject
b. direct object

뭐 / 뭐가
뭘 / 무엇을

Mwo / Mwo.ga
Mwol / Mu.eo.seul
What
a. subject (informal / polite)
b. direct object
언제Eon.jeWhen
어디Eo.diWhere
WaeWhy
어느Eo.neuWhich
어떻게Eo.tteo.keHow


- What -

What are you doing?
뭐 해요?
Mwo hae.yo?
         
What time is it?

What time will we meet?

- When -

When are you going to ...?
언제... 에 가요?
Eon.je ... e ka.yo?

When is your Birthday?
생일이 언제 에요?
Saeng.iri eon.je eyo?


- Where -

Where are you going?
어디 에 가요?
Eo.di e ka.yo?

Where is the ... ? 
... 이/가 어디 에 있어요?
... i/ga eo.di e iss.eo.yo?


- How -


- Others - 

Is/are there ...?
...  이있어요?
... .i.iss.eo.yo?

What day is your Korean class?
무슨 요일 에 한극어 수업 있어요?
Mo.seun yo.il e han.gu.geo sueop isseo.yo?

How old are you?
몇살 이세요?
Myeo.sal i.se.yo? 

Really?
정말요?
Jeong.mal.yo?



[Vocabulary] Positions

Location/Position (위치) Wiji
Word Pronunciation Meaning
Ap Front
Dwi Back
Wi Up/On Top
아래/밑 Arae/Mit Down/Below
왼쪽 Oen.jjok Left Side
오른쪽 O.reun.jjok Right Side
Yeop Beside
An Inside
Pakk Outside

[Vocabulary] Different Nationalities

국적 / Guk.jeok / Nationality
Word Pronunciation Meaning
한국사람 Han.guk.sa.ramKorean
중국사람Jung.guk.sa.ramChinese
일본사람Il.bon.sa.ramJapanese
베트남사람 Be.teu.nam.sa.ramVietnamese
필리핀사람Pil.ri.pin.sa.ramFilipino
태국사람Tae.guk.sa.ramThai
미국사람Mi.guk.sa.ramAmerican
캐나다사람Kae.na.sa.ramCanadian

[Expressions] Hello, Sorry, Goodbyes

1. Hello / Good Morning / Good Afternoon / Good Evening / How are you?
    안영하세요?
    An.nyeong.ha.se.yo?

2. Thank you
Meaning Pronunciation Usage
Thanks! 
고마워요.
Ko.ma.wo.yo!
Casual
Thank you!
고맙숩니다. (Ko.map.sup.nida)
Komapsumnida!
or
감사합니다. (Kam.sa.hap.ni.da)
Kamsamnida!
Polite
 Thank you very much!
대단히 감사합니다. 
(Dae.dan.hi.kam.sa.hap.ni.da)
Daedani Kamsamnida!
Formal

3. You're welcome.
    천만에요.
    Cheon.ma.ne.yo.


4. Excuse me!
PronunciationUsage
미안합니다. (Mi.an.hap.ni.da)
    Mianhamnida.
Casual
실례합니다  (Sil.le.hap.ni.da)
    Shillehamnida.
Polite
실례했습니다 (Sil.le.haess.seup.ni.da)
    Shillehaesseumnida.
Formal



5. I'm sorry!
    죄송힙니다. (Jwe.song.hap.ni.da)
    Jwesonghamnida!

6. Goodbye!

   
    인녕히계세요. (lit : Stay in Peace!)
    An.nyeong.hi.gye.sae.yo.
    - used by the person leaving.
           or
    안녕히가세요. (lit : Go in Peace!)
    An.nyeong.hi.ka.sae.yo.
    - used by the person who'll be left behind.


7. Please
    제발
    Je.bal

8. Good night
    아녕히가십시오. (An.nyeong.hi.ka.sip.si.o)
    Annyeonghikasipshio. 


Monday, November 19, 2012

The Korean Alphabet

The Korean Alphabet is composed of 21 vowels and 19 consonants - a total of 40 letters.

A. The 21 vowels can further be divided into two categories :
  • 8 monophthong vowels 
  • 13 diphthong vowels

8 Monophthong Vowels (Pure Vowel Sound)
Letter Transliteration Syllable Pronunciation
[a] As the 'a' in 'gather'
[eo] As the 'ou' in 'bought'
[o] As the 'o' in 'old'
[u] As the 'oo' in 'moon'
[eu] As the 'u' in 'full'
[i] As the 'i' in 'inn'
[e] As the 'e' in 'set'
[ae] As the 'a' in 'bare'

13 Dipthong Vowels (Two Vowels in a Syllable)
Letter Transliteration Syllable Pronunciation
[ya] As the 'ya' in 'yacht'
[yeo] As the 'you' in 'young'
[yo] As the 'yo' in 'yoga'
[yu] As the 'u' in 'use'
[yae] As the 'ye' in 'yes'
[ye] As the 'ye' in 'yes'
[wa] As the 'wa' in 'wander'
[wo] As the 'wo' in 'wonder'
[we] As the 'we' in 'wet'
[wae] As the 'wa' in 'wacko' or 'wag'
[oe] As the 'oe' in 'noel'
[wi] As the 'wi' in 'wicked'
[ui] As the 'ue' in 'suet'

Notes :
  • The dipthong vowels : ㅚ, ㅞ, ㅙ have similar pronunciation.

B. The 19 consonants can further be divided into two categories :
  • 14 consonants (normal)
  • 5 double consonants (tense)

14 Consonants
Letter Transliteration Pronunciation
[g] As the 'g' in 'glue'
[n] As the 'n' in 'network'
[d] As the 'd' in 'door'
pronounced as [r] if at start of syllable,
[l] if found at end of syllable
As the 'r' in 'river'
[m] As the 'm' in 'mommy'
[b] As the 'b' in 'busy'
[s] As the 's' in 'ship'
no sound when at start of syllable,
[ng] when at end
As the 'ng' in 'sing'
[j] As the 'j' in 'jewelry'
[ch] As the 'ch' in 'child'
[k] As the 'k' in 'kitten'
[t] As the 't' in 'telephone'
[p] As the 'p' in 'puppy'
[h] As the 'h' in 'house'

5 Double Consonants (Tense)
Letter Transliteration Pronunciation
[kk] As the 'k' in 'skill'
[tt] As the 't' in 'steam'
[pp] As the 'p' in 'speak'
[ss] As the 's' in 'sea'
[tch] As the 'dg' in 'midget'