Grammar : Prenouns

Usage : 

• modifies the noun that they follow.

Formation :

• Prenoun + noun

Prenoun	Meaning	Example (Prenoun + Noun)	Meaning
옛 (yet)	old	옛 이야기 (yet iyagi)	old story
새 (sae)	new	새 노래 (sae norae)	new song
헌 (heon)	used	헌 자동차 (heon jadongcha)	used cars
맨 (maen)	the very	맨 처음 (maen cheoeum)	the very first
딴 (ddan)	another	딴 방법 (ddan pangbeom)	another method
순 (sun)	pure	순 무 (sun mu)	pure wool

Grammar Particle : 못~ and ~지 못해요

Usage :

• used to show an action is not possible.
• not used in adjectives, imperative and propositive sentences.

(1) Short form

     Verbs :     못 + verb

• 못 자요     cannot sleep
• 못 팔아요     cannot sell
• 못 만들어요     cannot make

     * for 하다 verbs use : noun + 못 + 해요

• 요리하다     :     요리 못 해요     cannot cook
• 속제하다     :     속제 못 해요     cannot do homework

(2) Long form 

     Verbs :     VS + 지 못해요

• 보지 못해요     cannot see
• 가지 못해요     cannot go
• 먹지 못해요     cannot eat

    * long form of 못 can be used with adjectives to show disappointment rather than unability.

• 그 아이는 튼튼하지 못 했어요. (Too bad) That child was not healthy.
• 그 부부는 행복하지 못 했어요. (Too bad) That couple were not happy.

Grammar Adverbials

Usage : 

• describes how an action is done using an adverb derived from an adjective.

Formation :

• Adjective VS + 게

Adjective	Meaning	Adverbial (Pronunciation)	Meaning
쉽다 (shida)	easy	쉽게 (shige)	easily
싸다 (ssada)	cheap	싸게 (ssage)	at a low price
크다 (k'euda)	big	크게 (k'euge)	hugely
작다 (jakda)	small	작게 (jakge)	tinily
넓다 (neolda)	wide	넓게 (neolge)	widely
싱겁다 (shinggeopta)	mild	싱겁게 (shinggeopge)	insipidly
행복하다 (haengbokhada)	happy	행복하게 (haemgbokhage)	happily
간단하다 (kandanhada)	simple	간단하게 (kandanhage)	simply

Adverbs

Usage : 

• modify verbs and adjectives.

3 Types of Adverbs

• Sentential
• Conjunctional
• Componential

-------------------
Sentential Adverbs 

• modify a whole sentence

Word	Pronunciation	Meaning
가령	karyeong	if / supposing
설령	seolryeong	even if
아마	ama	perhaps
반드시	bandeushi	certainly
만일	manil	if
설마	seolma	surely (not)
하여튼	hayeot'eun	anyway

-----------------------
Conjunctional Adverbs

• connects two different sentences.

Word	Pronunciation	Meaning
그러나	keureona	but
그러니까	keureonikka	therefore
그러므로	keureomeuro	since it is so
그령지만	keuryeongjiman	however
또	ddo	also
또는	ddoneun	or
따라서	ddaraseo	accordingly
더군다나	deogundana	besides
그리고	keurigo	and
그래서	keuraeseo	so
그런데	keureonde	by the way
그럼	keureom	if so
또한	ddohan	moreover
혹은	hogeun	or
즉	jeuk	in other words
더우기	deougi	moreoever

-----------------------------
Componential Adverbs

• modify a specific part of the sentence 
• have 3 types : (a) manner adverbs, (b) time adverbs, (c) degree adverbs

(a) Manner Adverbs - describes how an action is done.

Word	Pronunciation	Meaning
빨리	ppalli	fast, early, soon
멀리	meolli	far
매우	maeu	very, exceedingly
가장	kajang	most
너무	neomu	too much
혼자서	honjaseo	alone
많이	mani	much
안녕히	annyeonghi	peacefully
천천히	cheoncheonhi	slowly
가까이	kakkai	shortly, nearly
제일	jeil	the first
아주	aju	quite, very (much)
잘	jal	well, often
한께	hangge	together
열심히	yeolshimhi	diligently

(b) Time Adverbs

Word	Pronunciation	Meaning
막	mak	just at the moment
벌써	beolsseo	long ago, already (used when suprised)
아직	ajik	yet, still
요즈음	yojeueum	recently
현재	hyeonjae	present
내일	naeil	tomorrow
갑자기	kapjagi	suddenly
당분간	dangbunkan	for a while
줄곧	julgot	all the time
마침내	machimnae	at last
언제나	always	eonjena
늘	neul	always
보통	bot'ong	usually
방금	panggeum	right now
아까	akka	some time ago
이미	imi	already (used when not surprised)
지금	jigeum	now
이따	idda	later
모래	morae	the day after tomorrow
냉큼	naengk'eum	immediately
밤낮	bamnat	night and day
드디어	deudieo	finally
먼저	meonjeo	ahead
일찍	iljjik	early
항상	hangsang	always
가끔	kaggeum	sometimes

(c) Degree Adverbs

Word	Pronunciation	Meaning
참	cham	really
주로	juro	mainly
아주	aju	very
조금	jogeum	a bit
너무	neomu	so much

Grammar Particle : 안~ and ~지 않아요

Usage :

안~ and ~지 않아 are both used in negative declarative and interrogative sentences.

(1) 안~ : short form

     Verbs :   안 + verb

• 안 봐요     do not see
• 안 가요     do not go
• 안 먹어요     do not eat

      * for 하다 verbs use : noun + 안 + 해요

• 요리하다     :     요리 안 해요     do not cook
• 속제하다     :     속제 안 해요     do not do homework

     Adjectives :   안 + adjective

• 안 커요     is not big
• 안 작아요     is not small
• 안 높아요     is not high

* rule not applicable to all verbs and adjectives.

(2) ~지 않아 : long form 

     Verbs :     VS + 지 않아요

• 보지 않아요     do not see
• 가지 않아요     do not go
• 먹지 않아요     do not eat

     Adjectives :      AS + 지않아요

• 크지 않아요     is not big
• 작지 않아요     is not small
• 높지 않아요     is not high

Counters

Korean counters used with Native Korean / Pure Korean numbers

Word	Pronunciation	Counter for
명	myeong	persons
사람	saram	persons
마리	mari	animals
쌍	ssang	couples
송이	songi	flowers
다발	dabal	bunch (of flowers)
그루	geuru	trees
조각	jogak	slices
개	gae	items, units
상자	sangja	boxes
대	dae	machines, cars
채	chae	houses, buildings
시	shi	o'clock
시간	shikan	hours (duration)
달	dal	months (duration)
해	hae	years
살	sal	years of age
번	beon	number of times
잔	jan	cupfuls
명	myeong	bottles
봉지	bongji	paper bags
장	jang	pieces of paper
권	gwon	books
군데	gunde	places
켤레	k'yeolre	pair of shoes
벌	beol	clothes
가지	kaji	kinds

Korean counters used with Sino-Korean numbers

Word	Pronunciation	Counter for
일	il	days
월	wol	month names
개월	gaewol	months (duration)
년	nyeon	years
분	bun	minutes
초	cho	seconds
층	cheung	floors
달라	dalra	dollars
파운드	p'aundeu	pounds
마일	mail	miles

Pronouns

	Polite	Informal
I	제 Je	내 Nae
Me	저 Jeo	나 Na
My	제 Je	내 Nae

	Polite	Informal
You (singular)	당신 Tangshin	너 Neo
You (plural)	여러분 Yeoreobun	너희들 Neohuideul
Your	당신의 Tangshine	네 Ne

	Polite	Informal
We	우리 Uri	-
They / Them	그들 Keudeul	-

	Polite	Informal
He / Him	그분 Keubun	그 Keu
She / Her	그분 Keubun	그녀 Keunyeo

Grammar Particle : (이)나

Usage :

(1) "~or something like that".

• 집에서 TV나 볼거예요.     I will watch TV or something at home.

• 테니스나 쳐요.                  I play tennis or something. 

* reduces importance of the object noun.

* can be attached to questions words.

• 어디 + 나     = 어디나        anywhere
• 누구 + 나     = 누구나        whoever, anyone, everyone
• 무엇 + 이나 = 무엇이나     anything, whatever
• 언제 + 나     = 언제나        anytime, always

(2) used as "or"

• 커피나 눅차 주세요.     Give me coffee or green tea.

• 서점이나 학교에 갈거예요.     I will go to the bookstore or school.

(3) "as many as / as much as".

* shows a surprising amount / quantity of the item, far from the speaker's expectation.

• 100 달라나 받았어요.     I received as much as 100 dollar.

• 텔레비전을 두시간이나 봐요.     I watch TV as many as two hours.

Vocabulary List :

치다 - to play

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